Nobel Prize in Literature
Nobel de Literatura
Description
Origem e fundação
O Prémio Nobel da Literatura é um dos prémios literários mais prestigiados do mundo, concedido anualmente pela Academia Sueca. Foi instituído por Alfred Nobel, um industrial e químico sueco, em seu testamento de 1895, como parte de um conjunto de prémios destinados a reconhecer conquistas em física, química, medicina, literatura e paz. O prémio de literatura visa homenagear um autor que, nas palavras de Nobel, "produziu a obra mais notável num ideal voltado para a humanidade".
Processo de nomeação
A Academia Sueca, composta por 18 membros eleitos vitaliciamente, é responsável pela seleção dos laureados. O processo de nomeação é rigoroso e confidencial. A cada ano, a Academia envia convites a milhares de pessoas qualificadas — incluindo membros de academias literárias, professores universitários de literatura e artes, ex-laureados do Nobel da Literatura e presidentes de associações de escritores — para nomear candidatos. O prazo para a submissão de candidaturas é geralmente 31 de janeiro do ano em que o prémio é concedido.
Deliberação e decisão final
Após a receção das nomeações, um comité do Nobel da Literatura, composto por quatro ou cinco membros da Academia Sueca, examina as candidaturas. Este comité prepara um relatório com uma lista de candidatos pré-selecionados, que é então submetido à Academia em pleno para deliberação. A decisão final é tomada por votação, e a maioria simples é suficiente para a escolha do laureado. O anúncio do vencedor é feito no início de outubro.
Critérios de atribuição
Os critérios para a concessão do prémio são amplos e interpretados pela Academia. Embora a obra completa do autor seja considerada, o foco recai sobre a qualidade literária, a originalidade, a profundidade temática e o impacto humanístico. Não há categorias específicas dentro do prémio de literatura; ele abrange todos os géneros literários, incluindo poesia, prosa (romance, conto), drama e ensaio. A Academia Sueca procura reconhecer autores que, através da sua escrita, contribuíram significativamente para o avanço da literatura e para a compreensão da condição humana.
Relevância e impacto
A relevância do Prémio Nobel da Literatura é imensa. Ele confere um reconhecimento global ao trabalho do laureado, aumentando significativamente a sua visibilidade e vendas de livros em todo o mundo. Além disso, o prémio destaca a importância da literatura como forma de arte e como veículo para a reflexão social, política e filosófica. Ao longo da sua história, o prémio tem sido concedido a uma vasta gama de autores, de diferentes nacionalidades e estilos, refletindo a diversidade e a riqueza da literatura mundial. Houve momentos em que a escolha dos laureados gerou debate, com alguns a criticarem a Academia por, por vezes, privilegiar autores europeus ou por ignorar vozes de outras regiões do mundo. No entanto, nas últimas décadas, tem havido um esforço notório para diversificar os laureados, incluindo mais autores de África, Ásia e América Latina.
Curiosidades
Alfred Nobel estipulou que o prémio deveria ser concedido a "um escritor", e não a uma obra específica, embora a obra completa seja avaliada. O valor monetário do prémio varia anualmente, dependendo dos rendimentos do fundo Nobel, mas é sempre uma quantia substancial. O prémio é entregue numa cerimónia em Estocolmo a 10 de dezembro, aniversário da morte de Alfred Nobel. Alguns autores notáveis que recusaram o prémio incluem Jean-Paul Sartre e Boris Pasternak, embora por razões distintas. O Prémio Nobel da Literatura continua a ser um farol para a excelência literária e um catalisador para o diálogo global sobre a arte e a sociedade.
Winners
Pesach Seder
Persius
Persius, in full Aulus Persius Flaccus (Volterra, 34-62), was a Roman poet and satirist of Etruscan origin. In his works, poems and satires, he shows a stoic wisdom and a strong criticism for the abuses of his contemporaries. His works, which became very popular in the Middle Ages, were published after his death by his friend and mentor the stoic philosopher Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
Persian Proverb
Persian Mystic Poem
Persian
Katherine Tynan Hinkson
Pericles
Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens' political and cultural supremacy in Greece; he ordered the construction of the Parthenon (died in 429 BC)
Katherine Whitehorn
Periander
Periander was the second tyrant of Corinth, Greece in the 7th century BC. He was the son of the first tyrant, Cypselus. Periander succeeded his father in 627 BC
Don Hays
Peretz Smolenskin
Peretz Smolenskin, was a Russian Jewish novelist who wrote in Hebrew. Peretz Smolenskin was born near Mogilev, Russia. His family came from Smolensk. His older brother was seized by the Czar's army and never returned.
Percy Wynham Lewis
Hebrews 11:1
James Gilmore Backus
Kathleen A. Sutton
Frederick L Collins
Immanuel Kant
influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)
Isoroku Yamamoto
Dr. Howard Murphy
James Mattis
General, USMC, Marine Corps legend, former commander of CENTCOM
Ian Hornak
Herbert W. Boyer
Herbert W. Boyer (born 1936) is a recipient of the 1990 National Medal of Science, and co-recipient of the 1996 Lemelson-MIT Prize and a co-founder of Genentech
Donna Hedges
Ioana Markopoulos
Jennifer Tyler
Jennifer Tyler
Howard Crosby
Hyman Rickover
United States admiral who advocated the development of nuclear submarines (1900-1986)
Andre Emmanuel Bendavi ben-YEHU
A Poet.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms
Jerry Gillies
Anna Mary Robertson Moses
United States painter of colorful and primitive rural scenes (1860-1961)
Jack Nicklaus
United States golfer considered by many to be the greatest golfer of all time (born in 1940)
Ford Maddox
Heraclitus
a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)
Epicurus
Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)
Amanda Bradley
Henry Brooks Adams
Epistle of Paul
Anne Elizabeth O'Hare McCormick
Anne O'Hare McCormick (1882-1954) was a foreign news correspondent for the New York Times, in an era where the field was almost exclusively "a man's world". In 1937, she won the Pulitzer Prize for foreign correspondence, becoming the first woman to receive a major category Pulitzer award. Born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, UK, in 1880 or 1882, she was educated in the United States and became an associate editor for the Catholic Universe Bulletin after graduation from St. Mary's Academy. Her marriage to Dayton businessman Francis McCormick, an importer, led to frequent travels abroad, and her career as a journalist became more specialized
Jerry Lewis
Jerry Lewis (born March 16, 1926) is an American comedian, award-winning actor, producer, writer, director and singer best-known for his slapstick humor in stage, screen and television, his singing ability in a string of music album recordings and his charity fund-raising telethons for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). Lewis has won several awards for lifetime achievements from The American Comedy Awards, The Golden Camera, Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and The Venice Film Festival, and he has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2005, he received the Governors Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Board of Governors, which is the highest Emmy Award presented. On December 10, 2008, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that Lewis had been selected to receive the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award on February 22, 2009. Many of Hollywood's filmmaking advances were due to Jerry's clout at the box office, such as the video assist system used widely today
Henry Rollins
Josephine Hart
Dorothy Fields
Dorothy Fields (July 15, 1905 - March 28, 1974) was an American librettist and lyricist
Collen McCullough
Dr. Robert Schuller
Henry Timrod
Henry Timrod (December 8, 1828 - October 7, 1867) was an American poet, often called The Poet Laureate of the Confederacy
James Magary
Edward B. Butler
Angela Monet
Fats Domino
United States rhythm and blues pianist and singer and composer (born in 1928)
Barbara Walters
Barbara Jill Walters (born September 25, 1929) is an American journalist, writer, and media personality who has been a regular fixture on morning television shows (Today and The View), an evening news magazine (20/20), and co-anchor of ABC Evening News and correspondent on World News (then ABC Evening News). Walters was first known as a popular TV morning news anchor for over 10 years on NBC's Today, where she worked with Hugh Downs and later hosts Frank McGee and Jim Hartz. Walters later spent 25 years as co-host of ABC's newsmagazine 20/20. She was the first female co-anchor of network evening news, working with Harry Reasoner on the ABC Evening News and was later a correspondent for ABC World News Tonight
Kathleen Norris
Kathleen Thompson Norris (July 16, 1880, San Francisco, California - January 18, 1966, Palo Alto, California) was an American novelist and wife of fellow writer Charles Norris, whom she wed in 1909
Percival
Ian Parsons
Ian Parsons, born on February, 15, 1970 in Providence, Rhode Island is an American Singer/Songwriter and founder of the musical group The Ian Parsons Reject
Amanda Heggs
Hasidic Saying
Hasidic Judaism is a type of Orthodox or Haredi Jewish religious movement
Farmers' Almanac
Per Bak
Per Bak was a Danish theoretical physicist who coauthored the 1987 academic paper that coined the term "self-organized criticality.
Colonel William Prescott
Kathrine Palmer Peterson
Penny Phillips
Still at school. people ask me "what are you going to do when you leave school" And I say "I don't know"
Penn Jillette
Penn Fraser Jillette (born March 5, 1955) is an American comedian, illusionist, juggler and writer known for his work with fellow illusionist Teller in the team Penn
Amelia Burr
Amelia Josephine Burr (19 November 1878 - 15 June 1968) was an American poet. Born in New York City, she was educated at and graduated from Hunter College (New York). She worked for the Red Cross in 1917-18. She married Reverend Carl H. Elmore of Englewood, New Jersey
Kathryn Schaefer Plaum
Egerton Smith
Egerton Smith was a Liverpool publisher, founder of the Liverpool Mercury.
Penelope Fitzgerald
Penelope Fitzgerald (17 December 1916 - 28 April 2000) was a Booker Prize-winning English novelist, poet, essayist and biographer
Jean Cocteau
French writer and film maker who worked in many artistic media (1889-1963)
Jean Francois Revel
Don Juan Manuel
Don Juan Manuel (Escalona, 5 May 1282 - Penafiel, 13 June 1348) is one of the most important Spanish medieval writers, nephew of Alfonso X el Sabio, son of Infante Don Manuel de Castilla and Lady Beatrice of Savoy
Dennis Fakes
American Heart Association Cookbook
Kathy Ann Jensen
Girl who lived
Donald R. Gannon
Françoise Sagan
Homer Simpson
James Price Salsman
Dom Helder Camara
Dorothy DeBolt
Barbara Ehrenreich
Barbara Ehrenreich (born August 26, 1941, in Butte, Montana) is an American feminist, socialist and political activist. She is a widely read columnist and essayist, and the author of nearly 20 books
Barbara Ehrenreich
Barbara Ehrenreich (born August 26, 1941, in Butte, Montana) is an American feminist, socialist and political activist. She is a widely read columnist and essayist, and the author of nearly 20 books
diana k.
student
Edmund Gwenn
Actor
Barbara Tuchman
United States historian (1912-1989)
Pema Chodron
Pema Chödrön is a notable American figure in Tibetan Buddhism.
Pele
Pele, is almost universally regarded as the greatest player in the history of football.
Eugene V. Debs
United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926)
Pete Rose
Peter Edward Rose, Sr. (born April 14, 1941 in Cincinnati, Ohio), nicknamed Charlie Hustle, is a former player and manager in Major League Baseball. Rose played from 1963 to 1986, best known for his many years with the Cincinnati Reds. Rose, a switch hitter, is the all-time Major League leader in hits (4,256), games played (3,562), at-bats (14,053), and outs (10,328). He won three World Series rings, three batting titles, one Most Valuable Player Award, two Gold Gloves, the Rookie of the Year Award, and made 17 All-Star appearances at an unequaled five different positions (2B, LF, RF, 3B, and 1B)
Jean Baptiste Montegut
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee (May 26, 1920 - January 21, 2002) was an American jazz and popular music singer and songwriter and Academy Award-nominated actress. She was born Norma Deloris Egstrom in Jamestown, North Dakota. Lee has been cited as a mentor to such diverse artists as Bobby Darin, Paul McCartney, Bette Midler, Madonna, Shirley Horn, k.d. lang, Elvis Costello, Dusty Springfield, Dr. John, and numerous others. As a songwriter, she collaborated with Sonny Burke, Victor Young, Francis Lai, Dave Grusin, John Chiodini, her husband Dave Barbour and Duke Ellington who stated, "If I'm the Duke, then Peggy's the Queen." As an actress, she was nominated for an Academy Award for her role in Pete Kelly's Blues. Peggy Lee had a contralto singing range
Ellen Stugis Hooper
Katie Finkbeiner
Edward Young
English poet (1683-1765)
Kay Ingram
Peggy Joyce
Flora Whittemore
Peggy Fleming
Peggy Gale Fleming (born July 27, 1948 in San Jose, California) is an American figure skater who won an Olympic gold medal in 1968 and has been a television commentator on figure skating for over 20 years, including several Winter Olympic Games
Edgar Bergen
Edgar John Bergen (February 16, 1903 - September 30, 1978) was an Academy Award-winning American actor and radio performer, best known as a ventriloquist
Kayvan Sylvan
Donella Meadows
Peg Bracken
Ruth Eleanor "Peg" Bracken was an American author of humorous books on cooking, housekeeping, etiquette and travel.
Baron Rothschild
Irv Kupcinet
Irv Kupcinet (July 31, 1912 - November 10, 2003) was an American newspaper columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times and a broadcast personality based in Chicago, Illinois. He was popularly known by the nickname "Kup"
Diana
Diana, Princess of Wales, was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II.
Keith Bostic
Keith Bostic is a computer programmer from the United States
KDrew
Singer. Songwriter. Producer. Re-mixer. Multi-instrumentalist. Label Owner
Keanu Reeves
Keanu Charles Reeves ( and starring roles in Chain Reaction, Constantine and the epic surf drama Point Break. He played bass guitar in the grunge band Dogstar during the 1990s, and more recently in the band Becky. In an ETonline survey in 2006, he was included in the "Top Ten of America's Favorite Stars". On January 31, 2005, Reeves received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Pedro Calderon de la Barca
Spanish poet and dramatist considered one of the great Spanish writers (1600-1681)
Henry C. Link
Jean Baptiste Rousseau
Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (6 April 1671 - 17 March 1741), was a French poet
Eve Denise Curie
Pearl Davies
(1 January 1983 - Current) Australian Writer, Photographer and Journalist
Keaton Tyndall
Keaton Tyndall is an actor.
Keaton Tyndall
Keaton Tyndall is an actor.
Jean Kerr
Jean Kerr (July 10, 1922 -January 5, 2003) was an American author and playwright
Pearl Bailey
United States singer (1918-1990)
Faith Sullivan
Hugh McColl
Imam Ali-Ibn-Abi-Talib
Kedar Joshi
Kedar Joshi (born 1979 in Mumbai) is a philosopher and writer whose works are collectively entitled Superultramodern Science and Philosophy
Keller
Henry Adams
Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 - March 27, 1918) was an American novelist, journalist, historian and academic
Peacemaker
Keira Knightley
Keira Christina Knightley is an English actress and model. She began acting as a child on television and made her film debut in 1995.